Voiceless uvular fricative
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 142 |
| IPA – text | χ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | χ |
| X-SAMPA | X |
| Kirshenbaum | X |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is χ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X.
It is not to be confused with the voiceless velar fricative (IPA x, X-SAMPA x.)
Contents |
[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is uvular which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against or near the uvula.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties of [χ]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| χ | plain velar fricative |
| χʷ | labialised |
| χ’ | ejective |
| χʷ’ | ejective labialised |
| χ̜ʷ | semi-labialised |
| χ̹ʷ | strongly labialised |
| χʲ | palatalised |
| χʲ’ | ejective palatalised |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | хпа | /χpa/ | 'three' | Contrasts with labialized and palatalized forms | |
| Afrikaans | goed | [χuˑt] | 'good' | Some dialects. | |
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | hatix̂ | [hɑtiχ] | 'ten' | |
| Arabic | Ṣan‘ā’ni[1] | غني | [ˈχanijjɐ] | 'rich' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | խնդրեմ | [χndɾɛm] | 'please' | ||
| Avar | орх | [orχ] | 'to lift' | Contrasts with a tense form | |
| Chilcotin | ? | [ʔælaχ] | 'I made it' | ||
| Dutch | Northern Dutch accents | Scheveningen | sχeːvəniŋən | 'Scheveningen' | See Dutch phonology |
| Eyak | da.x̣ | [daːχ] | 'and' | ||
| French | roche | [χɔʃ] | 'rock' | Rhotic consonant for some dialects. See French phonology | |
| German | Dach | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certain back vowels in some dialects. See German phonology | |
| Haida | ḵ'aláax̂an | [qʼʌlɑ́χʌn] | 'fence' | ||
| Hebrew | אוכל | [oχel] | 'eat' | See Hebrew phonology | |
| Kabardian | нэхъ | [nɑχ] | 'more' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Kabyle | axxam | [aχχam] | 'house' | ||
| Klallam | sx̣aʔqʷaʔ | [sχaʔqʷaʔ] | 'salmon backbone' | ||
| Lezgian | хат | [χatʰ] | 'bead' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Oowekyala | [tsʼkʼʷχttɬkʦ] | 'the invisible one here with me will be short' | |||
| Nez Perce | [ˈχǝχɑˑʦ] | 'grizzly bear' | |||
| Portuguese | Brazilian | carro | [kaχu] | 'car' | Some dialects. See Portuguese phonology |
| Saanich | WEXES | [wəχəs] | 'small frogs, peepers' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Seri | xeecoj | [χɛːkox] | 'wolf' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Spanish[2] | jugar | [χuˈɣaɾ] | 'to play' | Allophone of /x/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Tlingit | tlaxh | [tɬʰɐχ] | 'very' | Tlingit has four different uvular fricatives | |
| Ubykh | [asfəpχa] | 'I need to eat it' | Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Yiddish | בוך | [bʊχ] | 'book' | See Yiddish phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography
- Hess, Wolfgang (2001). "Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie". Grundlagen der Phonetik. Bonn: Institut für Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität.
- Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
