Skeletal fluorosis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Skeletal fluorosis | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | M85.1 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 733.9 |
Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive consumption of fluoride. In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis causes pain and damage to bones and joints.
Contents |
[edit] Causes
Common causes of fluorosis include inhalation of fluoride dusts/fumes by workers in industry, use of coal as an indoor fuel source (a common practice in China), consumption of fluoride from drinking water (naturally occurring levels of fluoride in excess of the CDC recommended safe levels[1]), and consumption of fluoride from the drinking of tea, particularly brick tea.[2]
In India, the most common cause of fluorosis is fluoride-laden water derived from deep bore wells. Over half of ground water sources in India have fluoride above recommended levels.[3]
[edit] Epidemiology
In some areas, skeletal fluorosis is endemic. While fluorosis is most severe and widespread in the two largest countries - India and China - UNICEF estimates that "fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries across the globe. The total number of people affected is not known, but a conservative estimate would number in the tens of millions."[4]
The World Health Organization recently estimated that 2.7 million people in China have the crippling form of skeletal fluorosis.[citation needed] In India, 20 states have been identified as endemic areas, with an estimated 60 million people at risk and 6 million people disabled; about 600,000 might develop a neurological disorder as a consequence.[3]
Symptomatic skeletal fluorosis is almost unknown in the U.S.,[5] with about a dozen cases reported.[6]
[edit] Skeletal fluorosis phases
| Osteosclerotic phase | Ash concentration (mgF/kg) | Symptoms and signs |
| Normal Bone | 500 to 1,000 | Normal |
| Preclinical Phase | 3,500 to 5,500 | Asymptomatic; slight radiographically-detectable increases in bone mass |
| Clinical Phase I | 6,000 to 7,000 | Sporadic pain; stiffness of joints; osteosclerosis of pelvis and vertebral spine |
| Clinical Phase II | 7,500 to 9,000 | Chronic joint pain; arthritic symptoms; slight calcification of ligaments' increased osteosclerosis and cancellous bones; with/without osteoporosis of long bones |
| Phase III: Crippling Fluorosis | 8,400 | Limitation of joint movement; calcification of ligaments of neck vertebral column; crippling deformities of the spine and major joints; muscle wasting; neurological defects/compression of spinal cord |
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/nrc_report.htm
- ^ Headline News
- ^ a b Reddy DR (2009). "Neurology of endemic skeletal fluorosis". Neurol India 57 (1): 7–12. doi:. PMID 19305069. http://neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2009;volume=57;issue=1;spage=7;epage=12;aulast=Reddy.
- ^ "UNICEF - Water, environment and sanitation - Common water and sanitation-related diseases". http://www.unicef.org/wes/index_wes_related.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
- ^ http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/nrc_report.htm
- ^ http://www.slweb.org/CEN.skeletal-fluorosis.html
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