Ricardo Flores Magón
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| Ricardo Flores Magón | |
 Brothers Ricardo (left) and Enrique Flores Magón (right) at the Los Angeles County Jail, 1917.
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| Born | September 16, 1874 San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca |
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| Died | November 21, 1922 Kansas, United States |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Occupation | Journalist, anarchist ideologue |
| Known for | being leading anarchist and revolutionaries |
Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (September 16, 1874 — November 21, 1922) was a noted Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.[1] He was born on Mexican Independence Day, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca. He died at Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas, USA. His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in politics.
Magón explored the writings and ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, and Fernando Tarrida del Mármol. He was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. He also read from the works of Karl Marx and Henrik Ibsen.
He was one of the major thinkers of the Mexican Revolution and the Mexican revolutionary movement in the Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Wobblies (IWW) and edited the Mexican anarchist newspaper Regeneración, which aroused the workers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.
Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes in Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911. From 1904, Magón remained in the USA. Half this period he was in prison. His last arrest was in 1918, when he received a 20-year sentence for "obstructing the war effort", a violation of the Espionage Act of 1917. He was arrested soon after the rise of Bolshevism in Russia and the Russian Revolution, whose excesses created a fever pitch of fear of anarchists and bolshevists in the United States. The Wilson administration's conducted what were called the Palmer Raids, a wholesale crackdown on war dissidents and leftists that also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V. Debs.
The cause of Flores Magón's death has been disputed. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he died as a result of deteriorating health caused by his long imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by medical neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary officials and staff. Flores Magón wrote several letters to friends complaining of debilitating health problems and of what he perceived to be purposeful neglect by the prison staff.[2] Yet others have contended that he likely died while in prison due to natural causes.[3]
Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination of both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City. In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered left-wing political icons nearly as notable as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named for them.
In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the state of Oaxaca formed the Popular Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena Popular de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on the philosophy of Magón.[4]
[edit] References
- ^ INAFED. "Teotitlán de Flores Magón". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20545a.htm. Retrieved on 2008-10-24.. However, he is invariably known to posterity as "Ricardo".
- ^ Rivera, Librado (1922-11-25). "Letter to Raúl Palma" (HTML). http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/magon/history/deathletter.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
- ^ "FLORES MAGÓN, RICARDO". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 2001-06-06. http://www.www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/FF/ffl28.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
- ^ Kolhatkar, Sonali (2005-12-02). "An Interview with Raúl Gatica" (HTML). Z Magazine Online. ZNET. http://zmagsite.zmag.org/May2006/kolhatkar0506.html.
[edit] Further reading
- Flores Magón, Ricardo; Chaz Bufe and Mitchell Cowen Verter (eds.) (2005). Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 9781904859246.
- Albro, Ward S. (1992). Always a Rebel: Ricardo Flores Magón and the Mexican Revolution. Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 9780875652818.
- MacLachlan, Colin (1991). Anarchism and the Mexican Revolution: The Political Trials of Ricardo Flores Magón in the United States. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520071179.
- Hart, John M. (1987). Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292704008.
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ricardo Flores Magón |
- Ricardo Flores Magón entry at the Anarchy Archives
- Complete Works (mostly in Spanish)
- Ricardo Flores Magón in English and Spanish
- Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Ricardo Flores Magón
