Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Villafranca

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Don  Pedro Álvarez de Toledo  Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo Caballero de Santiago
Viceroy of Naples
In office September 1532 – 1552
Monarch	Charles V
Preceded by	Luis Fernández de Cabrera
Succeeded by	García Sarmiento de Sotomayor
Born	July 13, 1484(1484-07-13) Madrid, Spain
Died	February 21, 1553 (aged 68) Florence, Italy
Spouse	Maria Osorio
Religion	Catholic

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 2nd Marquis Consort of Villafranca del Bierzo (Spanish: Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, Marqués de Villafranca del Bierzo; July 13, 1484 - February 21, 1553) was the first effective Spanish viceroy of Naples, responsible for considerable social, economic and urban change in the city and southern Italian kingdom, in general.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Viceroy of Naples 2 Family 2.1 Ancestry 2.2 Descendants 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Other sources

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

He was born in 1484 near Salamanca in Spain, the son of Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba^[1]. His mother Isabel de Zúñiga y Pimentel, was a daughter of the Duke of Plasencia. His paternal grandmother María Enríquez de Córdoba, was sister of Juana Enríquez de Córdoba, Queen of Aragon, mother of Ferdinand II of Aragon and ancestress of Habsburgs. Through this relation, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was a distant cousin of Don Pedro.

[edit] Viceroy of Naples

Spain took over the Kingdom of Naples in 1503 and solidified her grasp after the final, failed attempt by France in 1529 to retake the kingdom. For the first three decades of the century, a succession of inconsequential viceroys ruled the vicerealm. Don Pedro arrived as viceroy in September of 1532.

Don Pedro’s rebuilding of the city went on for years. Old city walls were expanded and an entirely new wall was built along the sea front. Fortresses along those walls and further up and down the coast from the city were modernized, and the Arsenale—the naval shipyards—were expanded considerably. Don Pedro also built the viceregal palace as well as a dozen blocks of barracks nearby, a square grid of streets lined with multi-storied buildings—unique in Europe for its time. Today, that section of Naples is still called the “Spanish Quarter”. The goal was to make not just the city of Naples, but the Gulf of Naples and eventually, the entire vice-realm invulnerable—that is, the entire southern Italian peninsula.

Don Pedro ruled harshly. He instituted summary execution for petty theft on public streets and made it a capital crime to go armed at night in the city. He was ruthless in dealing with feudal barons in the countryside and encouraged their moving into the city within reach of a central authority. This breaking-up of land holdings began a trend to urbanization as both the landed class and the landless peasant class poured into Naples. By 1550, the population of 200,000 was second only to Paris in all of Europe. Within the city, he centralized administration, moving all courts onto the same premises, the Castel Capuano, also known as the "Vicaria".

Don Pedro is remembered as the viceroy who tried without success to institute the Spanish Inquisition in Naples, in 1547. When the announcement of the Inquisition finally came in May of 1547, the protest was immediate, turning violent very quickly. It was not a "popular" revolution, but rather a revolt by many of the landed nobility in and around Naples and Salerno, property owners who knew that the Inquisition had a reputation for confiscating the wealth and property of those whom it questioned.

Don Pedro, upon the order of the emperor, Charles V backed down and the Inquisition was called off. In 1552, Charles V calmed the populace further by sending Toledo off to Siena to handle a local problem. The viceroy died in Florence the following year.

Don Pedro's reputation as a city-builder has stood the test of time. The city of Naples still bears his stamp in countless places. He is entombed in the church of San Giacomo degli Spagnoli.

[edit] Family

[edit] Ancestry

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo's ancestors in three generations

Pedro Álvarez de Toledo	Father: Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 2nd Duke of Alba	Paternal Grandfather: García Álvarez de Toledo 1st Duke of Alba	Paternal Great-grandfather: Fernán Alvarez de Toledo, Count of Alba de Tormes
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Mencia Carrillo, Lady of Bercimuelle
		Paternal Grandmother: María Enriquez	Paternal Great-grandfather: Fadrique Enriquez, Admiral of Castile
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Teresa de Quiñones
	Mother: Isabel de Zuñiga y Pimentel	Maternal Grandfather: Álvaro de Zuñiga Duke of Plasencia	Maternal Great-grandfather: Pedro de Zúñiga, Count of Ledesma
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Isabel de Guzmán
		Maternal Grandmother: Leonor de Pimentel	Maternal Great-grandfather: Juan Alfonso Pimentel, Count of Mayorga
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Elvira de Zuñiga

[edit] Descendants

Don Pedro Alvarez de Toledo married his relative Maria Osorio y Pimentel, Marchioness of Villafranca del Bierzo. They had seven children:

• Eleanor of Toledo, married Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
• Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, 3rd Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo; no issue.
• Garcia Álvarez de Toledo became the 4th Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo and married Vittoria Colonna.
• Ana de Toledo, married Lopo de Moscoso Osório, 4th count of Altamira.
• Juana Álvarez de Toledo, married Fernando Ximenez de Urrea, 2nd Count of Aranda
• Isabel de Toledo, married Gian Battista Spinelli, 2nd Prince of Cariati
• Luis de Toledo, commander in the Order of Santiago.

Through the marriage of his youngest daughter, Eleanor with the Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici in 1539, Don Pedro Alvarez de Toledo became an ancestor of Bourbon Kings of France and Spain, Habsburg-Lorraine Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, Austria and Austria-Hungary and Grand Dukes of Tuscany, several Stuart Kings and Queens of England and Scotland, Kings of Italy from the House of Savoy, and other nobles.

[edit] See also

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba Eleanor of Toledo Cosimo I de' Medici Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba

Villafranca del Bierzo

[edit] References

[edit] Citations

[edit] Other sources

Spanish nobility
Preceded by Luis Pimentel	Marquis of Villafranca 1497-1553	Succeeded by Fadrique de Toledo
Government offices
Preceded by García de Haro-Sotomayor	Viceroy of Naples 1532-1552	Succeeded by Pascual de Aragón