Mohe
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| Mohe | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese: | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese: | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul: | 말갈 | ||||||||
| Hanja: | 靺鞨 | ||||||||
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| History of Manchuria |
|---|
| Gojoseon 2333 BC – 108 BC |
| Buyeo 200s BC – 494 | Sushen |
| Goguryeo 37 BC – 668 AD |
| Balhae 698 – 926 |
| Liao Dynasty 915 – 1125 |
| Jin Dynasty 1115 – 1234 |
| Mongol empire 1234 – 1271 |
| Yuan dynasty 1271 – 1368 |
| Northern Yuan 1368-1616 |
| Later Jin Dynasty 1616 – 1644 |
| Qing Dynasty 1644 – 1911 |
| Manchukuo 1932 – 1945 | Soviet Union |
| China 1949 - present | Russia |
The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. They are sometimes considered the ancestors of medieval Jurchen and modern-day Manchus. According to some records, they originally dwelt near the Liao River and later migrated southward. According to Chinese records, they were governed by the Buyeo kingdom, but broke free during the Chinese Three Kingdoms period. They subsequently became an autonomous state. They were involved in the early history of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The records of Baekje and Silla during the 1st century and 2nd century AD include numerous battles against the Mohe.
The Mohe were divided into various tribes, the most powerful of which were the Sumo Mohe.[citation needed] The Sumo Mohe were eventually conquered by Goguryeo, and the other Mohe tribes by Sui Dynasty China. Many Mohe moved back toward their northern homeland in this period. The "Mohe" section of the "Beidi Zhuan" (北狄传, Communications of the Northern "Di" Barbarians) of the "Jiu Tang Shu" (旧唐书, Old Book of Tang) states: "Their country is all (or "roughly") comprised of some tens of 'bu' (roughly "tribes," but also just generally meaning "divisions"), each having a chief, some of whom are attached to the Goryeo, and some of whom serve as common people (i.e., vassals) to the Tujue."
The Mohe also participated in the later kingdom of Balhae, 698-926. The founder of Balhae, Dae Joyeong was recorded to be a former Goguryeo general of Sumo Mohe stock (New Book of Tang), although the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Yusa) written by Koreans several hundred years later states that he was of Goguryeo stock.[1] After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the main ethnic group that became the Jurchen.
The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese 新靺鞨, しんまか) or "New Mohe," the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it, which was introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara Period or around the beginning of the Heian Period from the Balhae Kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the "kana" reading Makkatsu (まっかつ), which is probably a reading pronunciation based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe.
The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested *Motgit (Chinese characters: 勿吉, Middle Chinese: Moji, Korean: 물길 [Mulgil], Japanese: もっきつ [Mokkitsu], pinyin: Wùjí), as well as to that of the medieval Merkits, who opposed the rise of the Mongols lead by Genghis Khan.
One of the tribes of the Mohe, the Heishui Mohe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens, from whom the Manchu originated.[2]
Contents |
[edit] Mohe Tribes
According to some records, there were seven/eight Mohe tribes :
| Moji/Merjie/Wuji (勿吉) | Mohe/Mogher/Malgal (靺鞨) | Modern location |
|---|---|---|
| Sumo tribe 粟末部 속말부 (Songmalbu) |
Sumo tribe 粟末部 속말부 (Songmalbu) |
near Songhua River |
| Baishan tribe 白山部 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
Baishan tribe 白山部 백산부 (Baeksanbu) |
near Changbai Mountains |
| Yulou tribe 虞婁 우루 (Uru) |
Yulou tribe 虞婁 우루 (Uru) |
on the Suifun Basin |
| Bodo tribe 伯咄部 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
Bodo tribe 伯咄部 백돌부 (Baekdolbu) |
|
| Funie tribe 拂涅部 불열 (Buryeol) |
Funie tribe 拂涅部 불열 (Buryeol) |
near the Mudanjiang River on the Khanka Basin |
| Anchegu tribe 安车骨部 안차골부 (Anchagolbu) |
Tieli tribe 鐵利 철리 (Cheolli) |
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| Haoshih tribe 号室部/號室部 호실부 (Hosilbu) |
Yuexi tribe 越喜 월희 (Wolhui) |
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| Heishui tribe 黑水部 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
Heishui tribe 黑水部 흑수부 (Heuksubu) |
low banks of Heilongjiang |
[edit] Notable personalities
[edit] Sumo Mohe/Yan Prefecture Mohe chieftains
- Tudiji (突地稽 pinyin: Tūdìjī, Hangul: 돌지계), ca. 580-620
- Li Jin-xing (李謹行 pinyin: Lǐ Jǐnháng, Hangul: 이근행), 619-683, Chinese name of the Mogher chieftain Tudiji's son
- Li Duozuo (李多祚 pinyin: Lǐ Duōzuò, Hangul: 이다조)
- Qiqi Zhongxiang (乞乞仲象 pinyin: Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng, Hangul: 걸걸중상), later known as Dae Jung-sang.
