Megas Doux

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The megas doux (Greek: μέγας δούξ; English: grand duke) was one of the highest positions in the hierarchy of the later Byzantine Empire. It is sometimes also given by the half-Latinizations megaduke or megadux (from Greek μεγαδούξ).^[1] The Greek word δούξ comes from the Latin dux, meaning leader or commander and, later, duke.

Contents 1 History and functions 2 Cultural references 3 References 4 Sources

[edit] History and functions

The office was initially created by Alexios I Komnenos as the "doux of the fleet" (δούξ τοῦ στόλου) some time after 1085, as part of Alexios' efforts to re-establish the Byzantine navy. Its holder was the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine fleet.^[1] In ca. 1092 the position was given by Alexios to his brother-in-law John Doukas, and the title was augmented with the addition of the adjective megas ("great").^[2] From this position, John Doukas was responsible for the re-establishment of firm Byzantine control over the Aegean and the islands of Crete and Cyprus in the years 1092-1093. From this time the megas doux was also given overall control of the provinces of Hellas, the Peloponnese and Crete, which chiefly provided the manpower and resources for the fleet.^[3] However, since the megas doux was one of the Empire's senior officials, and mostly involved with the central government and various military campaigns, de factο governance of these provinces rested with the local praitōr and the various local leaders.^[4] During the 12th century, the post was dominated by the Kontostephanos family;^[1] one of its members, the megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos was one of the most important officers of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, assisting him in achieving many land and naval victories.

With the virtual disappearance of the Byzantine fleet after the Fourth Crusade, the title was retained as an honorific in the Empire of Nicaea, where Michael VIII Palaiologos assumed the title when he became regent for John IV Laskaris.^[5] After the recovery of Constantinople in 1261, it reverted to its old function as commander-in-chief of the navy, and remained a high rank for the remainder of the empire, its holder ranking sixth after the emperor, between the prōtovestiarios and the prōtostratōr.^[6][1] As such, it was also sometimes conferred upon foreigners in imperial service, the most notable among these being the Italian Licario, who recovered many Aegean islands for Emperor Michael VIII,^[7] and Roger de Flor, head of the Catalan Company.^[1] After the mid-14th century, the office was often held together with the office of mesazōn, the chief of the imperial secretariat, making the megas doux effectively the Emperor's prime minister. In this capacity, Alexios Apokaukos served as one of the leading members of the imperial government during the Civil War of 1341-1347, supporting John V Palaiologos against John VI Kantakouzenos. The last and perhaps most famous megas doux was Loukas Notaras, who served under Constantine XI Palaiologos until the Fall of Constantinople.

[edit] Cultural references

In the famous 1490 Catalan epic romance Tirant lo Blanc, the valiant knight Tirant the White from Brittany gets to Constantinople and becomes a Byzantine megadux. This story has no basis in actual history, though it might have been inspired by the above-mentioned cases of the office being conferred upon foreigners.

[edit] References

[edit] Sources

• Angold, Michael (1997). The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204. Longman. ISBN 0-582-29468-1.
• Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204-1453. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216202. 
• Haldon, John F. (1999). Warfare, state and society in the Byzantine world, 565-1204. Routledge. ISBN 1857284941. 
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6. 
• Magdalino, Paul (2002). The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52653-1. 
• The Immortal Emperor, by Donald Nicol.
• The Fall of Constantinople 1453, by Steven Runciman.
• Byzantium: Decline and Fall & A Short History of Byzantium, by John Julius Norwich.