Guaraní language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Guaraní
avañe'ẽ
Pronunciation	/aʋaɲẽˈʔẽ/
Spoken in	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Total speakers	7 million
Language family	Tupian Tupí-Guaraní Guaraní (I) Guaraní
Writing system	Latin alphabet (Guaraní variant)
Official status
Official language in	Paraguay Mercosur Corrientes[1] (Argentina)
Regulated by	No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1	gn
ISO 639-2	grn
ISO 639-3	gug
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Guaraní, and more specifically its primary variety known as Paraguayan Guaraní (pronounced /ɡwɑrəˈniː/; local name avañe'ẽ [aʋaɲẽˈʔẽ]), is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupí-Guaraní subfamily of the Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by 88% of the population (Mortimer 2006).^{[citation needed]} It is also spoken by indigenous communities in neighbouring countries, including parts of northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia and southwestern Brazil. It is also treated as a second official language of the Argentine provinces of Corrientes^[2] and Misiones.^[3]

It includes a number of "dialects" now generally classified as distinct languages: Chiripá, Eastern Bolivian or Western Argentine Guaraní, Mbyá Guaraní, Paraguayan Guaraní, etc. Of these, Paraguayan Guaraní is by far the most important variety and it is often referred to simply as Guaraní.

Guaraní is the only indigenous language of the Americas whose overwhelming majority of speakers are non-indigenous people. This is an anomaly in the Americas where language shift towards more prestigious official languages (in this case, Spanish) has otherwise been a nearly universal cultural and identity marker of mestizos (people of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry), and also of culturally assimilated, upwardly-mobile Amerindian people.

Jesuit priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, who wrote a book called Tesoro de la lengua guaraní ("The Treasure of the Guaraní Language"), described Guaraní as a language "so copious and elegant that it can compete with the most famous [of languages]."

Contents 1 Predominance of Guaraní 1.1 Paraguay 1.2 Argentina 1.3 Bolivia 1.4 Brazil 2 History 3 Writing system 4 Phonology 4.1 Nasal Harmony 5 Grammar 5.1 Pronouns 5.2 Conjugation 5.2.1 Negation 5.3 Tense and aspect morphemes 6 Determiners- 7 Guaraní loans to English 8 See also 9 Sources 10 External links

[edit] Predominance of Guaraní

[edit] Paraguay

Guaraní, specifically its main variety Paraguayan Guaraní, is, alongside Spanish, one of the official languages of Paraguay. Paraguay's constitution is bilingual, and its state-produced textbooks are typically half in Spanish and half in Guaraní.

Paraguay is a diglossia country. The educated, more urban, and more European-descended population tends to speak a variety of Latin American Spanish with short phrases of Guaraní thrown in, while the less educated rural population tends to speak a Guaraní with significant vocabulary-borrowing from Spanish. This latter mix is known as Jopará [ɟopaˈɾa].

Speakers of Guaraní who are not fluent in any other language have markedly limited opportunities for education and employment.There are very few speakers of Guaraní outside of South America. Those few that exist include emigrants, scholars, missionaries, and former volunteers of the Peace Corps.

A variety of Guaraní known as Chiripá is also spoken in Paraguay. It is closely related to Paraguayan Guaraní, a language which speakers are increasingly switching to. There are 7,000 speakers of Chiripá in Paraguay.

Additionally, another variety of Guaraní known as Mbyá is also spoken in Paraguay by 8,000 speakers. It is 75% lexically similar to Paraguayan Guaraní.^{[citation needed]}

Finally, in the Paraguayan Chaco Department, there are 304 speakers of Eastern Bolivian/Western Argentine Guaraní, known locally as Ñandeva.^[4] (However, outside Paraguay, Ñandeva refers to Chiripá.)

[edit] Argentina

Paraguayan Guaraní is an official language in the provinces of Corrientes and Misiones, alongside Spanish.

A different variety of Guarani, Western Argentine Guaraní, is spoken further west, by about 15,000 speakers, mostly in Jujuy, but also in Salta Province. It refers to essentially the same variety of Guaraní as Eastern Bolivian Guaraní.^[4]

Additionally, another variety of Guaraní known as Mbyá is spoken in Argentina by 3,000 speakers.

[edit] Bolivia

Eastern Bolivian Guaraní and Western Bolivian Guaraní are widely spoken in the southeastern provinces of the country.

Eastern Bolivian Guaraní, also known as Chawuncu or Chiriguano, is spoken in by 33,670 speakers (or 36,917) in the south-central Parapeti River area and in the city of Tarija.^[4] It refers to essentially the same variety of Guaraní as Western Argentine Guaraní.

[edit] Brazil

The Paraguayan Guaraní language, together with its Tupian sisters, the língua geral paulista (presently extinct) and the língua geral amazônica (whose modern descendant is Nheengatu), was once as prevalent in Brazil as it is in Paraguay. The language began a long period of decline in Brazil when the Jesuits, who had done much to spread and standardize it, were expelled from the country by order of Portuguese prime minister Marquis of Pombal in 1759. Guaraní survives in scattered pockets throughout Brazil, one of which can be found in a rural district within the municipality of São Paulo. Olívio Jekupé, a resident of Krukutu village, located in this area, has published a book of folk tales written in Guaraní and Portuguese. Because of its proximity with Paraguay, in Mato Grosso do Sul (Ponta Porã), the Guaraní language is a second language locally. In Brazil, the Paraguayan Guaraní language is generally referred to as Guarani-Kaiowá.

The variety of Guaraní known as Chiripá is also spoken in Brazil by 4,900 speakers. Chiripá is called Nhandeva in Brazil. Its speakers are increasingly switching to Paraguayan Guaraní.

Additionally, Mbyá Guaraní is spoken in Brazil by 16,050 speakers.

[edit] History

Guaraní persisted with enough vigor to be made official because the Jesuits elected it as the language to preach Roman Catholicism to the Indians (Guaraní was the language of the autonomous Jesuit Reducciones) and because Paraguay's dictators for a time shut the country's borders and thereby protected the local culture and language.

[edit] Writing system

Guaraní became a written language relatively recently. The modern Guaraní alphabet is basically a subset of the Latin alphabet (with "J", "K" and "Y" but not "W"), complemented with two diacritics and six digraphs. Its orthography is largely phonemic, with letter values mostly similar to those of Spanish. All six vowels (note letter "Y" represents a vowel sound in Guarani) can take an acute accent (´) to mark stress (Á/á, É/é, Í/í, Ó/ó, Ú/ú, Ý/ý), but the resulting graphemes are not letters of the alphabet. The tilde is used with many letters that are considered part of the alphabet. In the case of Ñ/ñ, it differentiates the palatal nasal from the alveolar nasal (as in Spanish), whereas it marks nasalisation when used over a vowel (as in Portuguese): Ã/ã, Ẽ/ẽ, Ĩ/ĩ, Õ/õ, Ũ/ũ, Ỹ/ỹ. It also marks nasality in the case of G̃/g̃, used to represent the velar nasal by combining the velar consonant "G" with the nasalising tilde (note that the letter G/g with tilde, which is unique to this language, was introduced into the orthography relatively recently during the mid-20^th century and there is disagreement over its use, and it has not been made available as a precomposed character in Unicode, which may cause typographic inconveniences or imperfect rendering when using computers and fonts that do not properly support the complex layout feature of glyph composition).

[edit] Phonology

Guaraní only allows syllables consisting of a vowel or a consonant plus a vowel; syllables ending in a consonant or two or more consonants together are not possible. This is represented (C)V(V).

• Vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ correspond more or less to the Spanish and IPA equivalents, although sometimes the allophones [ɛ], [ɔ] are used more frequently; y is the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/.

All these vowels have nasalized counterparts.

Consonants:

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p		t		ɟ  (j)	k	ʔ   (')
Nasal	m		n		ɲ  (ñ)	ŋ  (g̃)
Prenasalized stop	mb  (mb)		nt nd   (nt nd)			ŋɡ  (ng)
Trill			r  (rr)
Flap			ɾ  (r)
Fricative			s	ɕ  (ch)		ɣ  (g)	h
Approximant		ʋ  (v)
Lateral			l

[ɕ], [ɣ], [ʋ] are in complementary distribution with [ʃ], [ɡ] and [v] respectively.^{[clarification needed]}

/ɟ/ is often pronounced [dʒ], depending on the dialect. The glottal stop is only found between vowels.

The alveolar trill (/r/) and alveolar lateral approximant (/l/) are not sounds native to Guarani.

[edit] Nasal Harmony

Guaraní is one of the few languages of the world displaying nasal harmony. A word is either nasal, and then only allows the nasal allophones of certain phonemes, or oral, only allowing the oral allophones. Words with some nasal allophones and some oral allophones do not exist. A word is nasal if it has at least one of these nasal allophones: ã - ẽ - ĩ - õ - ũ - ỹ - g̃ - m - mb - n - nd - ng - nt - ñ , in its stem, and all the rest being oral. The nasal harmony also influences the choice of prefixes, and to a certain extent, enclitics. For example, the postpositions pe, ta turn into me, nda respectively after nasal words.

[edit] Grammar

Guaraní is a highly agglutinative language, classified often as polysynthetic. It is a fluid-S type active language and it has been classified as a 6th class language in Milewski's typology. It uses Subject Verb Object word order usually, but Object Verb when the subject is not specified.^{[citation needed]}

The language lacks gender and has no definite article, but due to influence from Spanish, la is used as a definite article for singular reference, and lo for plural reference. These are not found in pure Guaraní (Guaraniete).

[edit] Pronouns

Guaraní distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns of the first person plural.

	first	second	third
singular	che	nde	ha'e
plural	ñande (inclusive), ore (exclusive)	peẽ	ha'ekuéra/ hikuái (*)

• Hikuái is a Post-verbal pronoun (oHecha hikuái - they see )

Reflexive pronoun: je: ahecha ("I look"), ajehecha ("I look at myself")

[edit] Conjugation

Guaraní stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called areal (with the subclass aireal) and chendal, respectively. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.

The areal conjugation is used to convey that the participant was actively involved, whereas the chendal conjugation is used to convey that the participant is Undergoer. Note that transitive verbs can take either conjugation, intransitive verbs normally take areal, but can take chendal for habitual readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as chendal. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.^[5]

Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.

person	areal	aireal	chendal
	walk	use	be.big
1s	a-guata	ai-poru	che-tuicha
2s	re-guata	rei-poru	nde-tuicha
3s	o-guata	oi-poru	i-tuicha
1pi	ja-guata	jai-poru	ñande-tuicha
1px	ro-guata	roi-poru	ore-tuicha
2p	pe-guata	pei-poru	pende-tuicha
3p	o-guata	oi-poru	i-tuicha

Verb root ñe'ẽ ("speak"); nasal verb. Singular Plural Person Prefix Person Prefix 1 che      'I' a- a-ñe'ẽ 1 ñande (incl.) 'we all' 1 ore (excl.) 'we (just us)' ña- ro- ña-ñe'ẽ ro-ñe'ẽ 2 nde 'You' re- re-ñe'ẽ 2 peẽ 'You all' pe- pe-ñe'ẽ 3 ha'e 'S/he' o- o-ñe'ẽ 3 ha'ekuéra 'They' o- o-ñe'ẽ

[edit] Negation

Negation is indicated by a circumfix n(d)(V)-...-(r)i in Guaraní. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is nd- for oral bases and n- for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an epenthetic e is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic a is inserted.

The postverbal portion is -ri for bases ending in -i, and -i for all others

Oral verb japo (do, make)	Nasal verb kororõ (roar, snore)	With ending in "i" jupi (go up, rise)
nd-ajapó-i	n-akororõ-i	nd-ajupí-ri
nde-rejapó-i	ne-rekororõ-i	nde-rejupí-ri
nd-ojapó-i	n-okororõ-i	nd-ojupí-ri
nda-jajapó-i	na-ñakororõ-i	nd-ajajupí-ri
nd-orojapó-i	n-orokororõ-i	nd-orojupí-ri
nda-pejapó-i	na-pekororõ-i	nda-pejupí-ri
nd-ojapó-i	n-okororõ-i	nd-ojupí-ri

The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by mo'ã, resulting in n(d)(V)-base-mo'ã-i as in Ndajapomo'ãi, "I won't do it".

[edit] Tense and aspect morphemes

• -kuri: marks proximity of the action. Ha'ukuri, "I just ate" (ha'u irregular first person singular form of u, "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, ha che kuri, che po'a, "and about what happened to me, I was lucky"
• -va'ekue: indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. Okañyva'ekue, "he/she went missing a long time ago"
• -ra'e: tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. Nde rejoguara'e peteĩ ta'angambyry pyahu, "so then you bought a new television after all"
• -raka'e: expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. Peẽ peikoraka'e Asunción-pe, "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with ra'e and va'ekue

The verb form without suffixes at all is a present somewhat aorist: Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry, "that day you got out and you went far"

• -ta: is a future of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian imperative. Oujeýta ag̃aite, "he/she'll come back soon".
• -ma: has the meaning of "already". Ajapóma, "I already did it".

These two suffixes can be added together: ahátama, "I'm already going"

• -va'erã: indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponds to the German modal verb sollen. Péa ojejapova'erã, "that must be done"
• -ne: indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in certain way with the subjunctive of Spanish. Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape, "the children are probably coming home now"
• -hína, ína after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. Rojatapyhína, "we're making fire"; che ha'ehína, "it's ME!"
• -vo: it has a subtle difference with hína in which vo indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. amba'apóvo, "I'm working (not necessarily now)"
• -pota: indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. Ajukapota, "I'm near the edge in which I will start to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in "po", the suffix changes to mbota; ajapombota, "I'll do it right now")
• -pa: indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. Amboparapa pe ogyke, "I painted the wall completely"

This suffix can be joined with ma, making up páma: ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimo'ã, "now we became to know all your thought". These are unstressed suffixes: ta, ma, ne, vo; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb.

[edit] Determiners-

1 - Demonstratives: (Guarani-english-spanish)

• a) – with near objects and entities (you see it)

Ko : this – este, esta

Pe : that – ese, esa

Amo: that - aquel, aquella

Peteï-teï (+/- va) : each – cada uno

Ko’ä , ä, áä – these – estos, estas

Umi – those- esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas

*b)- Indefinite, with far objects and entities (you don’t see it -remembering demonstratives ):

Ku – that (singular) – aquellos, as

Akói – Those (plural) – aquellos, as

*c) Other usual Demonstratives determiners:

Opa : all – todo, toda,todos, todas (with all entities)

Mayma - all . todos, todas ( with people)

Mbovy – : some, a few, determinated

Heta : a lot of, very much – muchos, muchas

Ambue ( +/- kuéra) : other - otros, otras

Ambue: another – otro, otra

Ambueve: The other – el otro, la otra

Ambueve: other, another - otro, otros, (enfático) -

Oimeraë: either - cualquiera

Mokoïve – both - ambos

Ni peteï (+/- ve): neither – ni el uno ni el otro

[edit] Guaraní loans to English

English has borrowed a small number of words from Guaraní (or perhaps the related Tupi) via Portuguese, mostly the names of animals. "Jaguar" comes from jaguarete and "piranha" comes from pira aña. Other words are: "agouti" from akuti and "tapir" from tapira. The name of Paraguay is itself a Guarani word, as is the name of Uruguay.

[edit] See also

• Guaraní languages
• Jopará
• Jesuit Reductions
• Mbyá Guaraní
• Old Tupi
• Guarani - Wikilibro (spanish)-
• Vikipetä - Wikipedia (Guarani)

[edit] Sources

6. Mortimer, K 2006 "Guaraní Académico or Jopará? Educator Perspectives and Ideological Debate in Paraguayan Bilingual Education" Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 21/2: 45-71, 2006

[edit] External links

• Ethnologue reports for Guarani languages
• Guarani - English Dictionary: from *Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition.
• Guarani Portal from the University of Mainz:
• www.guarani.de: - online dictionary in Spanish, German and Guarani
• www.guaranirenda.com: - about the Guarani language
• Guaraní Possessive Constructions: - by Maura Velázquez.
• Stative Verbs and Possessions in Guaraní: - University of Köln
• Bible verses written in Guarani: - a sample of the Guarani language
• http://www.datamex.com.py/guarani/neenga/neejoapy_latineeme.html // Spanish- Frases celebres del latin Traducidas al guarani
• http://albino-guaranikupyty.blogspot.com/ Spanish - Estructura Basica del Guarani and others

v • d • e Official languages of South America by language Aymara Dutch English French Guaraní  Bolivia  Peru  Aruba  Netherlands Antilles  Suriname  Falkland Islands  Guyana  French Guiana  Paraguay Papiamento Portuguese Quechua Spanish  Aruba  Netherlands Antilles  Brazil  Bolivia  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru  Argentina  Bolivia  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Paraguay  Peru  Uruguay  Venezuela In Peru, any native Peruvian language is official in areas where it is used by a majority of the population. In Bolivia, all 30 native languages of Bolivia are official languages of the state.