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Göktürk language)
Old Turkic (also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur) is the earliest attested Turkic language, found in inscriptions by the Göktürks and the Uyghurs in ca. the 7th to 13th centuries AD. It cannot be considered a direct predecessor of the Uyghur language, but elements of Old Turkic can be traced in Middle Turkic such as Chagatai. Old Turkic is now considered as belonging to the Southeastern Common Turkic branch of Turkic languages.
[edit] Differences between Old Turkic and Modern Turkish, Kazakh, Qashqai
| Old Turkic |
| Üze Tenri basmasar, asra yir telinmeser, Türk budun ilingin terürgün kim atardı? |
| Anatolian Turkish |
| Üstte Tanrı(Gök) basmasa(çökmese), altta yer delinmese, Türk budunu, ilini töreni kim atar? |
| Kazakh |
| Ustinde Tanir baspasa, astynda zher delinbese, Turk eli, zherindi dasturindi kim atar? (Үстінде Тәңір баспаса, астында жер делінбесе, Түрк елі, жеріңді дәстүріңді кім атар?) |
| Qashqai |
| Üstte Tanrı çökmese, altta yer delinmese, Türk bodunu ilini töreni kim atar? |
| English |
| Unless the sky collapsed, the earth was pierced, Turkish nation, who can destroy your land and your tradition? |
| Turkish |
Kazakh |
Old Turkic |
Qashqai |
Krymchak |
English |
| Bir |
Bir |
Bir |
Bir |
Bir |
One |
| İki |
Yeki |
İki |
İki |
Eki |
Two |
| Üç |
Üş |
Üç |
Üç |
Üç |
Three |
| Dört |
Tört |
Tört |
Dört |
Dort |
Four |
| Beş |
Bes |
Biş |
Beş |
Beş |
Five |
| Altı |
Altı |
Altı |
Altı |
Altı |
Six |
| Yedi |
Jeti |
Yidi |
Yedi |
Yedi |
Seven |
| Sekiz |
Segiz |
Sekiz |
Sekiz |
Sekiz |
Eight |
| Dokuz |
Toğız |
Tokuz |
Dokuz |
Tokuz |
Nine |
| On |
On |
On |
On |
On |
Ten |
[edit] Sources
Sources of Old Turkic are divided into three corpora:
- the 7th to 10th century Orkhon inscriptions in Mongolia and the Yenisey basin (Orkhon Turkic, or Old Turkic proper)
- 9th to 13th century Uyghur manuscripts from Xinjiang (Old Uyghur), in various scripts including Brahmi, the Manichaean, Syriac and Uyghur alphabets, treating religious (Buddhist, Manichaean and Nestorian), legal, literary, folkloric and astrologic material as well as personal correspondence.
- 11th century Qarakhanid manuscripts, mostly written in Arabic script (Qarakhanid Turkic). The Qarakhanid corpus includes a 6,500 couplet poem, Qutaδγu bilig "Wisdom that brings good fortune", an Arabic-Turkic dictionary and Mahmud al-Kashgari's "Compendium of the Turkic dialects".
[edit] Phonology
Old Turkic has nine vowel qualities—a, e, ė, i, ï, o, ö, u, ü—distinct only in the first syllable of a word, collapsed into four classes elsewhere—a, e, ï, i.
The consonantal system distinguishes between unvoiced, voiced (with fricative variants) and nasal:
- labial: p, v (β), m;
- dental: t, d (δ), n;
- palatal: č, y, ń;
- velar: k (q, χ), g (γ), ŋ;
- sibilant: s, š, z;
- liquid: r, l.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- M. Erdal, Old Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), ISBN 0415082005
- M. Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004), ISBN 9004102949.
- M. Erdal, Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), ISBN 3447030844.
- Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review: Gerard Clauson, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); RoutledgeCurzon (1997), ISBN 0700708693.
- L. Johanson, A History of Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), ISBN 0415082005
[edit] External links
