Ogonek

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The ogonek ([ɔˈɡɔnɛk], Polish for "little tail", the diminutive of ogon; Lithuanian nosinė) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European and Native American languages.

Ą	ą
Ą̊	ą̊
Ę	ę
Į	į
Ǫ	ǫ
Ǭ	ǭ
Ų	ų
Y̨	y̨

Diacritical marks

accent acute accent ( ´ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ` ) double grave accent (  ̏ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex ( ^ ) diaeresis / umlaut ( ¨ ) dot ( · ) anunaasika ( ˙ ) anusvara (  ̣ ) chandrabindu (   ँ   ঁ   ઁ   ଁ ఁ ) hook / dấu hỏi (  ̉ ) horn / dấu móc (  ̛ ) macron ( ¯ ) ogonek ( ˛ ) ring / kroužek ( ˚, ˳ ) rough breathing / spiritus asper (  ῾  ) smooth breathing / spiritus lenis (  ᾿  )

Marks sometimes used as diacritics

apostrophe ( ’ ) bar ( | ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) hyphen ( ˗ ) tilde ( ~ ) titlo (  ҃ )

Contents 1 Use 2 Values 2.1 Nasalization 2.2 Length 2.3 Tone 3 Similar diacritics: e caudata, o caudata 4 Typographical notes 4.1 Other encodings 4.2 LaTeX2e 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Use

• Polish (letters ą, ę)
• Kashubian (ą)
• scholarly transcriptions of Old Church Slavonic and Proto-Slavic (ę, ǫ)

• Lithuanian (ą, ę, į, ų)

• Creek, Navajo and Western Apache (ą, ąą, ę, ęę, į, įį, ǫ, ǫǫ)
• Chiricahua and Mescalero (ą, ąą, ę, ęę, į, įį, ų, ųų),
• Tutchone (ą, ę, į, ų, y̨)
• Gwich'in

• Elfdalian (ą, ę, į, ų, y̨ and ą̊)

Example in Polish:

Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,

Po co pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?”

— Jan Brzechwa, Chrząszcz

Example in Lithuanian:

Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai

Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai

— Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian:

"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."

— Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

[edit] Values

[edit] Nasalization

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still follow this convention in phonetic transcription to the present day (see Americanist phonetic notation).

The ogonek is also used in academic transliteration of Old Church Slavonic. In Polish, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, and Dalecarlian it indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Even if ę is nasalized e in Polish, ą is nasalized o not a (this is so because of the vowel change — "ą" was a long nasal "a", which turned into short nasal "o", when the vowel quantity distinction disappeared).

[edit] Length

In Lithuanian, where it formerly indicated nasalization which is no longer distinctive, it indicates that a vowel is long. The Lithuanian word for "ogonek" is nosinė which literally means "nasal".

[edit] Tone

In Navajo, Chiricahua, Western Apache, and Mescalero it can be combined with the acute and grave accents where it indicates high tone, or in long vowels high, falling, rising tone (e.g. ą́, ǫ́ǫ́, į́į). In the orthography conventions of Willem de Reuse, Western Apache has combinations of ogonek and macron (e.g. ǭ, į̄į̄).

[edit] Similar diacritics: e caudata, o caudata

The e caudata (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography. The o caudata of Old Norse^[1] (letter ǫ, with ǭ/ǫ́) [1][2] is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this "hook" in both directions, in combination with several vowels.[3] Despite this distinction, the term "ogonek" is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek.

[edit] Typographical notes

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (in larger type sizes may be relatively quite shorter) and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritic marks used in other languages.

The HTML/Unicode numbers for ogonek letters are

Upper Case			Lower Case
Letter	HTML	Alt Code	Letter	HTML	Alt Code
Ą	Ą	Alt + 0260	ą	ą	Alt + 0261
Ę	Ę	Alt + 0280	ę	ę	Alt + 0281
Į	Į	Alt + 0302	į	į	Alt + 0303
Ǫ	Ǫ	Alt + 0490	ǫ	ǫ	Alt + 0491
Ų	Ų	Alt + 0370	ų	ų	Alt + 0371
˛	˛	Alt + 0731

Unicode also provides the ogonek as a combining diacritic mark, at the codepoint #x0328;.

[edit] Other encodings

E with ogonek is present in both Latin-2 and Latin-4, as CA (uppercase) and EA (lowercase). In Latin-10 it is located at DD (uppercase) and FD (lowercase).

[edit] LaTeX2e

In LaTeX2e macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding , e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.) The package TIPA activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

[edit] See also

• E caudata
• Cedilla
• Comma (punctuation)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
• Polish Diacritics — How To?
• Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska (March, 2005)

The Basic modern Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Letters using ogonek sign ĄąĘęĮįǪǫŲų history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters • ISO/IEC 646